Naturalization and U.S. Citizenship

Becoming a U.S. citizen opens the door to rights and opportunities that are not available to non-citizens or permanent residents. Through naturalization, eligible immigrants can gain full access to benefits like voting, sponsoring relatives, and holding federal employment. While the path to citizenship is rewarding, it requires careful preparation and strict adherence to the requirements set by U.S. immigration law.

What Is Naturalization?

Naturalization is the legal process through which a foreign national becomes a U.S. citizen. Most applicants qualify after holding a green card for three to five years. Others may qualify through military service. In all cases, applicants must demonstrate a strong connection to the U.S., including residency, good moral character, and knowledge of English and U.S. civics.

Eligibility Requirements

To qualify for naturalization, an applicant must:

• Be at least 18 years old

• Hold lawful permanent resident status (green card) for 3–5 years

• Have lived continuously in the U.S. for the required time period

• Be physically present in the U.S. for at least half of that time

• Demonstrate good moral character

• Pass an English and civics test (with some exceptions)

• Have resided in the same state for at least 3 months before applying

Absences from the U.S. lasting over six months can disrupt eligibility, and certain criminal offenses can result in disqualification.

When to Apply

Eligible green card holders may file their Form N-400 up to 90 days before meeting the full residency requirement. While early filing does not accelerate citizenship, it allows applicants to begin the process and reduce waiting time.

The Application Process

To begin, applicants must:

1. Complete and submit Form N-400, Application for Naturalization

2. Pay the filing fee (waivers available in limited cases)

3. Attend a biometrics appointment, where fingerprints are collected for a background check

Interview and Test

The next step is a naturalization interview, typically scheduled within 14 months of applying. During the interview, a USCIS officer will:

• Review the application for accuracy and eligibility

• Conduct a two-part exam:

  • English test: Reading, writing, and speaking

  • Civics test: Knowledge of U.S. history and government

Some applicants may qualify for exceptions or accommodations based on age or disability. If an applicant fails the test, they will be given another opportunity to retake the failed portion.

Denials and Appeals

If an application is denied, the applicant can file an appeal within 30 days or reapply. In either case, legal guidance can help improve the chances of a successful outcome the second time.

The Oath of Allegiance

Naturalization is not complete until the applicant attends an Oath of Allegiance ceremony. At the ceremony:

• The green card is surrendered

• The applicant recites the oath

• A Certificate of Naturalization is issued

Only after this step does the applicant officially become a U.S. citizen.

Why Legal Guidance Matters

The naturalization process can be overwhelming, especially for those unfamiliar with immigration procedures. Small mistakes on forms, missing documentation, or misunderstandings during the interview can delay or derail your application.

Working with an experienced immigration attorney can ensure that you:

• Submit a complete and accurate application

• Prepare thoroughly for the interview and tests

• Understand your rights, responsibilities, and options

Legal support can significantly increase your chances of success and reduce the stress of the process.